Unix Command Reference

<BODY > <HR><center> <table border=1> <td><img height=36 width=36 alt="" src="../../../icons/latex2html/previous_fade.gif"></td> <td> <A NAME="tex2html1" HREF="../../../classes/Lab_Manual/contents.html"><img height=36 width=36 alt="UP" src="../../../icons/latex2html/up.gif"></A></td> <td> <IMG WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next_inactive" SRC="../../../icons/latex2html/nx_grp_g.gif"></td> <td><a href="contents-basic_unix.html"><img height=36 width=36 alt="CONTENTS" src="../../../icons/latex2html/toc.gif"></a></td> </table> </center> <HR>  <P> <a href=http://www.physics.utah.edu/~detar/mailto_detar.php>Carleton DeTar </a> <P> <P> <H1>Unix Command Reference</H1> <P> <P> <PRE><TT> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Default Terminal Keys</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Rubout previous character <TT><</TT><B>BackSpace</B><TT>></TT> <BR> Erase this line <B>C-u</B> <BR> Stop console output <B>C-s</B> <BR> Resume console output <B>C-q</B> <BR><P> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Listing File Names: ls</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> List file names (alphabetical order) <B>ls</B> <BR> Show hidden files <B>ls -a</B> <BR> Show permissions <B>ls -l</B> <BR> List in chronological order <B>ls -t</B> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Displaying file contents</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Print on console <B>cat</B> <EM>filename</EM> <BR> Print on printer <B>lpr</B> <EM>filename</EM> <BR> Print first <IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$"> lines <B>head</B> [-<IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$">] <EM>filename</EM> <BR> Print last <IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$"> lines <B>tail</B> [-<IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$">] <EM>filename</EM> <BR> Print one screenful at a time <B>more</B> <EM>filename</EM> <BR> Next page within more <TT><</TT><B>Space</B><TT>></TT> <BR> Previous page within more <B>b</B> <BR> Searching within more <B>/</B><EM>pattern</EM> <BR> Print line(s) containing string <B>grep</B> <EM>string</EM> <EM>filename</EM> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Mail</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Read your new mail <B>mail</B> <BR> Read your old mail <B>mail -f</B> <BR> Send from console to another user <B>mail</B> <EM>username</EM> <BR> Send file to another user <B>mail</B> [-s <EM>subject</EM>] <EM>username</EM> <TT><</TT> <EM>filename</EM> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>File Maintenance</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Copy a file <B>cp</B> <EM>currentfilename</EM> <EM>copyfilename</EM> <BR> Delete a file <B>rm</B> <EM>filename</EM> <BR> Rename a file <B>mv</B> <EM>oldname</EM> <EM>newname</EM> <BR> Show differences between files <B>diff</B> <EM>leftfile</EM> <EM>rightfile</EM> <BR> In which directory is your file? <B>find . -name</B> <EM>filename</EM> <B>-print</B> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Directories</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Show the current directory <B>pwd</B> <BR> Switch to a directory <B>cd</B> <EM>directoryname</EM> <BR> Back up one level in the tree <B>cd ..</B> <BR> Create a directory <B>mkdir</B> <EM>directoryname</EM> <BR> Remove a directory <B>rmdir</B> <EM>directoryname</EM> <BR> Moving a file to a directory <B>mv</B> <EM>filename</EM> <EM>directoryname</EM> (both must exist) <BR> Moving a directory to new location <B>mv</B> <EM>directorynamenewparentdirectory</EM> <BR>(both must exist) <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Date and Calendar</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Date and time of day <B>date</B> <BR> Calendar <B>cal</B> [[<EM>mm</EM>] <EM>yyyy</EM>] <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Users</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Seeing who is logged in <B>who</B> or <B>finger</B> <BR> Getting a username <B>finger</B> <EM>lastname</EM> <BR> Changing identities <B>su</B> <EM>username</EM> <BR> Seeing who you are <B>whoami</B> <BR><B>who am i</B> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Changing machines</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Logging on to another machine <B>rsh</B> <EM>hostname</EM> <BR> Logging out from any machine <B>logout</B> <BR> Which machine is this? <B>hostname</B> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Information about a command</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Man pages <B>man</B> <EM>command</EM> <BR> Starting Infoexplorer <B>info</B> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Filename substitution</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Wild cards <B>? *</B> <BR> Your home directory <B> </B> <BR> Home directory of another user <B> </B><EM>username</EM> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>I/O redirection and pipes</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Standard output <TT>></TT> <BR> Standard input <TT><</TT> <BR> Append to standard output <TT>»</TT> <BR> Pipes/pipelines <TT>|</TT> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Sorting</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Sort alphabetically on first word <B>sort</B> <BR> Sort in numeric order <B>sort -n</B> <BR> Sort in numeric order with scientific notation allowed <B>sort -g</B> <BR> Sort on the <IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$"> th field <B>sort -k</B><IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$"> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>tcsh command history</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> List previous commands <B>history</B> <BR> Repeat previous command <B>!!</B> <BR> Move up in history list <B>Ctrl-p</B> (previous) <BR> Move down in history <B>Ctrl-n</B> (next) <BR> Cursor left to edit command <B>Ctrl-b</B> (backwards) <BR> Cursor right to edit command <B>Ctrl-f</B> (forwards) <BR> Delete character in command <B>Ctrl-d</B> <BR> Repeat <IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$">th command in history <B>!</B><IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$"> <BR> Repeat command beginning with <EM>str</EM> <B>!</B><EM>str</EM> <BR><P> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>tcsh, csh job control</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Run command in the background <EM>command</EM> <B>&</B> <BR> Stop foreground job <B>C-z</B> <BR> Run stopped job in foreground <B>fg</B> <BR> Run stopped job in background <B>bg</B> <BR> List background jobs <B>jobs</B> <BR> Bring job foreward <B>%</B>[<IMG WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="img1.gif" ALT="$n$">] <BR> Run command at lower priority <B>nice</B> <EM>command</EM> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>tcsh miscellaneous</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> Filename, command name completion <TT><</TT><B>Tab</B><TT>></TT> <BR> List possible completions <B>Ctrl-d</B> <BR> Spelling correction <B>ESC s</B> <BR> Define alias <B>alias</B> <EM>name</EM> <EM>'definition'</EM> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>csh environment</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> List current settings <B>env</B> <BR> Change setting <B>setenv</B> <EM>VARIABLE</EM> <EM>value</EM> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Process control</B></FONT> <BR> <BR> <BR> List your processes <B>ps</B> <BR> Tell a process to die <B>kill</B> <EM>PID</EM> <BR> Kill without mercy <B>kill -9</B> <EM>PID</EM> <BR> Timing <B>time</B> <EM>command</EM> <BR> </TT></PRE> <P> <H1><A NAME="SECTION00010000000000000000"> References</A> </H1> <P> For more complete information, refer to man pages for these commands and the info online documentation system. A good Unix reference is Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike, <EM>The Unix Programming Environment</EM> (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984). <P> <H1><A NAME="SECTION00020000000000000000"> About this document ...</A> </H1> <P> This document was generated using the <A HREF="http://www.latex2html.org/"><STRONG>LaTeX</STRONG>2<tt>HTML</tt></A> translator Version 2002 (1.63) Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, <A HREF="http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/nikos/personal.html">Nikos Drakos</A>, Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds.<P> The translator was augmented by "uces.sty" and "uces.perl" (version 3.0b), which are available from the <a href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hamlet/">Hamlet Project</a> at the University of Utah.<HR><center> <table border=1> <td><img height=36 width=36 alt="" src="../../../icons/latex2html/previous_fade.gif"></td> <td> <A NAME="tex2html1" HREF="../../../classes/Lab_Manual/contents.html"><img height=36 width=36 alt="UP" src="../../../icons/latex2html/up.gif"></A></td> <td> <IMG WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next_inactive" SRC="../../../icons/latex2html/nx_grp_g.gif"></td> <td><a href="contents-basic_unix.html"><img height=36 width=36 alt="CONTENTS" src="../../../icons/latex2html/toc.gif"></a></td> </table> </center> <HR>  <HR><P><ADDRESS> <I></I> </ADDRESS> </BODY>